Fig. 1

Characterization and recovery effects of hPMSC-derived exosomes. a Isolated exosome protein expressing exosomal markers CD9, CD63, and CD81. R28 cells were treated with CoCl₂ (200 μM). After incubation for 9 h, the cells were treated with exosomes. b CCK-8 assays performed after 24 h. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (***p < 0.0001; *p < 0.05). c Western blot analyses of target protein expression levels, using R28 lysates with CoCl₂. The quantified values of target protein expression are presented (bottom panel). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired t test (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.005; ***p < 0.0005; ****p < 0.0001). All experiments were performed in triplicate