Components | Mechanism of action | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|
Pre-clinical studies | |||
 Dexamethasone | Reduction of phosphorylation of ser125 | Upregulated osteogenic markers | [82] |
 Oxysterols | Induce the expression of the Hh target genes | Upregulated osteocalcin (OCN) and RUNX2 | [83] |
 Purmorphamine | Activation of hedgehog signaling pathway | Upregulated RUNX2 gene during osteoblast differentiation | [84] |
 Simvastatins | – | Enhanced RUNX2, osterix, OCN, and COlla1 | [85] |
 W9 (YCWSQYLCY) peptide | Activation of TGF and the PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway | Promote osteogenesis | [86] |
 IRW peptide | Activation of PI3K-Akt-RUNX2 pathway | Promote osteogenesis | [87] |
 GRGDS peptide | – | Promote osteoblast adhesion and proliferation | [88] |
Clinical studies | |||
 SP1 | Reduction of osteoclast deposition on bone surfaces | Bone regeneration | [89] |
 BMP-2/7 | – | Stimulate osteogenesis | [90] |
 Fingolimod (FTY720) | Immunomodulating drug derived from the natural product myriocin also known as fingolimod or Gilenya | Enhanced bone formation | [91] |
 PDGF | – | Comparable fusion rates and less pain in group with PDGF-BB treatment as compared with autograft treatment group | [92] |
 FGF-2 | – | Enhance healing of periodontal defects | [93] |
 P-15 | – | Significant increase in bone mineral density of bone around the implants | [94] |