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Table 2 Representative examples of osteoinductive components that have been investigated in osteogenesis and bone regeneration

From: Epidrugs: novel epigenetic regulators that open a new window for targeting osteoblast differentiation

Components

Mechanism of action

Outcome

References

Pre-clinical studies

 Dexamethasone

Reduction of phosphorylation of ser125

Upregulated osteogenic markers

[82]

 Oxysterols

Induce the expression of the Hh target genes

Upregulated osteocalcin (OCN) and RUNX2

[83]

 Purmorphamine

Activation of hedgehog signaling pathway

Upregulated RUNX2 gene during osteoblast differentiation

[84]

 Simvastatins

–

Enhanced RUNX2, osterix, OCN, and COlla1

[85]

 W9 (YCWSQYLCY) peptide

Activation of TGF and the PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway

Promote osteogenesis

[86]

 IRW peptide

Activation of PI3K-Akt-RUNX2 pathway

Promote osteogenesis

[87]

 GRGDS peptide

–

Promote osteoblast adhesion and proliferation

[88]

Clinical studies

 SP1

Reduction of osteoclast deposition on bone surfaces

Bone regeneration

[89]

 BMP-2/7

–

Stimulate osteogenesis

[90]

 Fingolimod (FTY720)

Immunomodulating drug derived from the natural product myriocin also known as fingolimod or Gilenya

Enhanced bone formation

[91]

 PDGF

–

Comparable fusion rates and less pain in group with PDGF-BB treatment as compared with autograft treatment group

[92]

 FGF-2

–

Enhance healing of periodontal defects

[93]

 P-15

–

Significant increase in bone mineral density of bone around the implants

[94]