Table 3 Various epidrugs targeting osteogenesis

5-Azacytidine

Vidaza

DNMT

Upregulation of osteogenic gene markers (ALP, Dlx5, Runx2, Col1a1, osterix, and osteocalcin)

[117]

5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine

Decitabine

DNMT

Upregulation of Wnt10a, a key factor determining the fate of the mesenchymal lineage toward osteoblasts

Increased Dlx5 and Osx genes

[115, 116]

Valproic acid

–

HDAC

Enhanced BMP2 expression

Enhanced matrix mineralization

Negative effect on OCN

[103, 118]

Vorinostat

SAHA

HDAC

Inhibition of immature osteoblasts

Induction of osteogenic markers (RUNX2, BMP-2, and ALP)

[120,121,122]

Trichostatin A

TSA

HDAC

Promotion of osteogenic differentiation via increased in osteocalcin, osteopontin, and ALP

[123,124,125]

Sodium butyrate

–

HDAC

Promotion of osteogenic differentiation via RUNX2

[126, 127]

Abexinostat

–

HDAC

Increased OSX and ALP

[128]

GSK126

–

HMT

Acceleration of osteogenic differentiation by regulation of Bglap, Sparc, Spp1, and Ibsp genes

[130]

3-Deazaneplanocin A

DZNep

HMT

Upregulation of Wnt1, Wnt6, and Wnt10a osteogenic genes

[129]