Fig. 4
Melphalan treatment causes oxidative stress in hiPSC-CMs. a Representative images and quantification of intracellular ROS production in hiPSC-CMs treated with melphalan for 3 days via carboxy-H2DCFDA and Hoechst staining (n = 4). Scale bar, 50 μm. b Representative images and quantification of mitochondrial ROS production in hiPSC-CMs treated with melphalan for 3 days via MitoSOX and Hoechst staining (n = 4). Scale bar, 50 μm. c qRT-PCR analysis showing relative gene expression levels of oxidative stress-related genes including SOD3, GSR, NQO2, and GPX1 in hiPSC-CMs treated with melphalan for 3 days (n = 3). Relative MFI and gene expression were calculated based on the average values of melphalan-treated group vs. untreated group. Comparisons were conducted between each treatment group and no melphalan group via one-way ANOVA test. **P value < 0.01; ***P value < 0.001; ****P value < 0.0001