Fig. 2

Construction of an IUA cell model using TGF-β1-induced primary HESCs, showing high FOXF2 expression in this model. a Morphologies of different generations of primary HESCs. b ICC showing the expression levels of VIM and CK-18 in the cytoplasm of primary HESCs. c Relative expression of mRNAs in primary HESCs treated with various concentrations of TGF-β1. The measurement data are presented as the means ± SEM, n = 3; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. d Protein expression in primary HESCs treated with various concentrations of TGF-β1. e Relative expression of mRNAs in primary HESCs treated with 10 ng/ml TGF-β1 for different times. The measurement data are presented as the means ± SEM, n = 3; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. f Protein expression in primary HESCs treated with 10 ng/ml TGF-β1 for various times. g IF showing the protein expression in primary HESCs treated with various concentrations of TGF-β1. h Flow cytometry analysis showing cell cycle changes after primary HESCs were treated with different concentrations of TGF-β1. i Flow cytometry analysis showing that apoptosis was altered in primary HESCs treated with various concentrations of TGF-β1