Fig. 5

Exosomes derived from BMMSCs with GC treatment activated VSMCs and VECs to secrete PAI-1. a Representative VSMCs exhibited a typical spindle-shaped morphology (top left). Representative α-SMA immunohistochemical staining of VSMCs (top right). Magnification: ×200. Schematic diagram of the experimental design (bottom). b Expression of PAI-1 in VSMCs was increased by GC treatment and by GB-Exo treatment, as shown by qRT-PCR and c western blotting results. d Representative VEC morphology (top left). Flow cytometry analysis of the cell surface markers on VECs (positive for CD34) (top right). Schematic diagram of the experimental design (bottom). e qRT-PCR and f western blotting also demonstrated that overexpressed PAI-1 was detected in GC-treated and GB-Exo groups in VECs. In particular, GB-Exo groups exhibited dramatically upregulated PAI-1 expression in VECs. Values in each column with different letters present significant differences (p < 0.05 by ANOVA). The results are presented as the means ± s.e.m