Fig. 6

SMFs reduces all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced bone loss in mice. a, b Representative two-dimensional (2D) (a) and three-dimensional (3D) (b) microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) images of femurs from ATRA-treated mice with gradient SMF exposure for 21 days. c–g Quantitative micro-CT analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) (c), trabecular bone volume per tissue volume (Tb.BV/TV) (d), trabecular number (Tb.N) (e), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) (f), and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) (g) in SMF-exposed mice after ATRA injection. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, as indicated. n = 4–5 per group. h–j Representative images of H&E staining (h) with quantification of number (i) and area (j) of adipocytes in distal femurs. Scale bar, 100 μm. n = 5 per group. k–l Representative images of osteocalcin (OCN) immunohistochemical staining (k) with quantification of number (l) of osteoblasts in distal femurs. Scale bar, 100 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, as indicated. n = 5 per group. ns=not significant