Fig. 2

Preconditioning AMSCs with the GDNF gene enhance their differentiation and cell repairment capacity. a After the induction by VEGF and FGF for 21 days, morphological changes of cells were observed and fluorescence expressions of endothelial markers (CD31, green and VE-cadherin, red) were detected. Both AMSCs and GDNF-AMSCs can express endothelial cell markers (CD31 and VE-cadherin) after inducted by the endothelial inducer. b The expression and the distribution of VE-cadherin (red) were regulated and highly expressed in the normoxia group but was reduced and rearranged in the hypoxia group. The morphology of endothelial cells and cell-cell contact was slightly recovered in the AMSC group and significantly promoted after GDNF-AMSC treatment. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue)