Fig. 5

Cytokine-primed small exosome-like MSC-sEVs inhibit T cell proliferation. a ConA stimulated T cell proliferation assay with primed MSC-sEVs (representative example). Gating strategy and expansion index (EI) of viable CD4⁺ T cells in the presence of vehicle (Control) or increasing concentrations of primed MSC-sEVs (10 and 20 μg/ml). b ConA stimulated CD4⁺ T cell proliferation and c viability in the presence of primed MSC-sEVs. Wilcoxon signed-rank test, mean ± SD of 6 independent samples are reported, (*) represents p ≤ 0.05