Fig. 1

Schematic of the fabrication of the scaffold, in vivo and in vitro experiments. a Fabrication of the porous bilayered nanofibrous scaffold. b ADSCs isolated from the bilateral inguinal adipose tissues and then seeded to the scaffold to repair the defect of the urethra. c Hypoxia-preconditioned ADSCs grow in macropores and promote angiogenesis. d The mechanism of hypoxia-preconditioned ADSCs secreted more VEGFA to promote the expression of VEGFR2, HIF-1α, and HK2 to upregulating glycolysis