Fig. 5

MG-CM accelerated callus growth and improved mechanical properties of fracture bone. a The workflow of animal experiments, including surgery, interventions, and detection. b The representative X-ray images of the regenerates in DMEM, NG-CM and MG-CM groups at 4, 7, 10, and 14 days after surgery. c The callus growth of rats was quantified by radiological scores. d Mechanical properties of fracture bone including ultimate load, stiffness, and energy to failure were evaluated at postoperative 3 weeks. Abbreviations: NG-CM, conditioned media from endothelial progenitor cells under normal gravity; MG-CM, conditioned media from endothelial progenitor cells under microgravity. Data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001