Fig. 1

BMSC-EVs suppresses the activation of lung fibroblasts. a The morphology of human-derived BMSCs observed under a light microscope (× 200). b Representative images of osteocytes (× 200), adipocytes (× 400), and chondrocytes (× 200) differentiated from BMSCs using differentiation medium, shown by Alizarin Red staining (I), Oil Red O staining (II), and Alcian Blue staining (III). c BMSC-EVs observed by an electron microscope. d The distribution of EVs in size determined by NTA. iEVs, infectious extracellular vesicles; mEVs, mock-infected extracellular vesicles. e The protein expression of CD63, CD81, CD9, Alix, TSG101, and calnexin in BMSC-EVs and BMSC lysate determined by Western blot analysis. f The immunofluorescence image of BMSC-EVs internalized by human lung fibroblasts at the 24th hour (dual labels; red-exosomes-50%; green-lung fibroblasts; 630 times). g The proliferation of the fibroblasts assessed by CCK8 assay after treatment with BMSC-EVs. h, i The migration of the fibroblasts after treatment with BMSC-EVs evaluated by Transwell assay. j The invasion of the fibroblasts after treatment with BMSC-EVs evaluated by Transwell assay. k Cell cycle of the fibroblasts after treatment with BMSC-EVs analyzed by flow cytometry. l Apoptosis of the fibroblasts after treatment with BMSC-EVs determined by flow cytometry. m The mRNA expression of myofibroblast markers, α-SMA, and collagen I in the fibroblasts after treatment with BMSC-EVs determined by RT-qPCR. n The protein expression of α-SMA and collagen I in the fibroblasts after treatment with BMSC-EVs measured by western blot analysis. *p < 0.05 vs. the fibroblasts treated with PBS. Differences between the two groups were compared by unpaired t test