Table 1 Examples of bone homeostasis-relevant paracrine factors released by MSCs

Osteogenic differentiation

TGFβ, BMP-1 and miR-196a

[108,109,110]

Anti-inflammation

IL-10, TGFβ, TSG-6, LIF, miR-146a-5p, miR-548e-5p, let 7 family, miR-145

[43, 108, 111,112,113,114,115]

Immunomodulation

PGE-2, HLA-G5, HGF, iNOS, TGFβ and IL-10

[108, 116, 117]

Anti-apoptosis

VEGF, HGF, IGF-1, stanniocalcin-1, GM-CSF and TGFβ

[108, 118]

Angiogenesis

VEGF, IGF-1, PIGF, MCP-1, FGF-2 and IL-6

[118]

Support of growth and differentiation of stem cells

SCF, LIF, M-CSF, SDF-1 and angiopoietin-1

[113, 118]

Chemoattraction

CCL2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 20 and 26 and CXCL5, 11, 1, 2, 8, 10 and 12

[117, 118]

Anti-fibrosis

HGF, FGF-2 and adrenomedullin

[113, 118, 119]