Fig. 4

a Growth kinetics for hiPSCs seeded as either single cells or pre-formed aggregates cultured in vertical-wheel bioreactors at agitation rates of 40 rpm, 60 rpm, and 80 rpm with no medium exchange (batch) for a period of 6 days. a’ Growth kinetics for hiPSCs seeded as single cells in vertical-wheel bioreactors at agitation rates of 40 rpm, 60 rpm, and 80 rpm with either no medium exchange (batch) for 6 days or a 50% medium exchange on day 4 (fed) of the 6-day culture period. b Representative brightfield microscopic images, c day-6 fold expansions, and d average aggregate sizes of hiPSCs cultured in vertical-wheel bioreactors under pre-formed (PF) batch, single-cell (SC) batch, and single-cell (SC) fed conditions at agitation rates of 40 rpm, 60 rpm, and 80 rpm (scale bar = 200 μm). Cell samples were collected from n = 4 stirred suspension bioreactors at each condition. The P values were set at 0.05 and all graphs are presented with a ± standard error of the mean (SEM)