Fig. 1

Images of the bone marrow- and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell collection procedures. a First, the mouse was sacrificed by cervical dislocation. b The tibia and femur bones were dissected, and then, the muscles, ligaments, and tendons were removed. c The bones were transferred to a 100-mm sterile culture dish with 5 mL phosphate-buffered saline containing penicillin–streptomycin. d The dish was transferred into the biosafety cabinet and the two ends of the bones below the end of the marrow cavity were cut with scalpel. e A 5-ml syringe was inserted into the bone cavity and used to slowly flush the marrow out. The bone cavities were washed until the bones became pale. f Finally, all the bone pieces were removed and the media transferred to a new flask that incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ incubator. g For adipose-derived MSCs, the inguinal adipose tissue was harvested from sacrificed mice and washed with sterile phosphate-buffered saline to remove contaminating debris. h The adipose tissue were minced into 1–2 mm³ pieces using sterile scalpel and place the tissue explants in culture dish around 5 mm space between adjacent fragments. i Finally, growth medium was added gently to the Petri dish and incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ incubator