Table 3 Results of subcutaneous injections of ASCs embedded in scaffolds.2
Author (year) [ref] | Scaffold material | Cells | Results from each study’s best scaffold for ASC delivery | Duration in vivo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro | In vivo | ||||
Cai et al. (2015) [14] | aPEG + bPNIPAM (SHIELD-1) | ASCs | Cells are protected from shear stress during injection | Cell retention 60% at day 3 vs. 13% for ASCs alone ASC proliferation within the scaffold | 2 weeks |
Linh et al. (2017) [24] | cCHPA-dGTA-ePDGF-BB | ASCs | Cells are viable and proliferate in scaffold | Cells are viable and proliferate within the scaffold Observed infiltration and vascularization of the scaffold | 2 weeks |
Chen et al. (2017) [18] | Adipocytes in laminin-alginate beads | ASCs | n/a | Fat graft retention at week 6 is 60% and increasing to 89% at 12 weeks, indicating formation of new fat tissue. Newly formed tissue with healthy adipocytes | 12 weeks |
Choi et al. (2006) [25] | fPLGA | dASCs | Cells proliferate and maintain pre-adipogenic phenotype in the scaffold | Cells maintain their pre-adipocyte phenotype in the scaffold Newly formed tissue following week 4 Neovascularization observed | 8 weeks |
Choi et al. (2009) [26] | hECM powder | ASCs | Cells adhere and proliferate in ECM powder | Observed infiltration and vascularization of the scaffold Newly formed tissue with healthy adipocytes either by differentiation or migration of host cells | 8 weeks |
Kim et al. (2012) [27] | Alginate | dASCs | Cells maintain their pre-adipocyte phenotype in the scaffold | Fat graft retention at week 10 is 50% ± 12%, indicating that the entire scaffold had been resorbed and half of it replaced by neotissue Newly formed healthy fat tissue with vascularization | 10 weeks |
Cheung et al. (2013) [28] | gMCS + hDAT | dASCs | Cells are viable and maintain their pre-adipocyte phenotype in the scaffold | Observed infiltration and vascularization of the scaffold Newly formed tissue with healthy adipocytes Graft surrounded by a fibrous capsule that qualitatively decreased in thickness and increased in vascularization as the scaffold remodeled. | 12 weeks |
Wang et al. (2013) [29] | iATE | ASCs | Cells proliferate in the scaffold | Confirmed adipogenesis within the scaffold. Observation of vascular components in the scaffold. | 8 weeks |
Sumi et al. (2013) [19] | jF/P, plasma, kFGF-2 (a) | ASCs | Cells proliferate in the scaffold | Observed vascularization of the scaffold at day 15 | 8 weeks |
Derby et al. (2014) [20] | lPuraMatrix (amino acids) | ASCs | n/a | Cells are viable and proliferate within the scaffold ASC display ability to transdifferentiate into epithelial cells | 8 weeks |