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Fig. 4 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 4

From: Exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance fracture healing through the promotion of osteogenesis and angiogenesis in a rat model of nonunion

Fig. 4

Assessment of angiogenesis at the fracture site. a Representative micro-CT images of the vasculature in the fracture site on postoperative week 20. b Anti-CD31 staining of the femur slices on postoperative week 20. Representative areas are shown, and boxed areas are enlarged on the bottom. Scale bar = 1 mm. c The integrated optical density of CD31-positive vessels was measured. d Total RNA was extracted, and the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes (HIF1-α and VEGF) in the bone tissue of the fracture sites were analysed by qRT-PCR, n = 3. e Western blot analysis showed that HIF-1α and VEGF protein levels increased in the bone tissue of the fracture sites stimulated with BMMSC-Exos. Abbreviations: CM, conditioned medium; CM-Exo, exosome-depleted conditioned medium; Exo, exosomes. **P < 0.01 vs the control group; ##P < 0.01 vs the CM-Exo group

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