Fig. 9From: Exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance fracture healing through the promotion of osteogenesis and angiogenesis in a rat model of nonunionResearch schematic. BMMSC-Exos could accelerate the proliferation and migration of osteoblast cells and endothelial cells, further promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis by activating the HIF-1α/VEGF and the BMP-2/Smad1/RUNX2 signalling pathways to enhance fracture healingBack to article page