Fig. 1

Human GMSCs culture and identification. Human GMSCs were obtained by tissue block digestion-limited dilution method, and the third-generation hGMSCs were used for subsequent experiments (a, b). In the flow cytometric analysis, hGMSCs positively expressed mesenchymal stem cell surface markers CD44 (100%), CD90 (99.9%), and CD105 (99.4%), but negatively expressed hematopoietic stem cell surface markers CD34 (5.8%) and CD45 (0.7%). Negative control single peak is located on the left side of the vertical line (g). The clones were obtained by hGMSCs culturing for 12 days at 500 cells per dish (c, d). After 21 days of osteogenic induction, hGMSCs formed mineralized nodules that stained with alizarin red (e). After 21 days of adipogenic induction, hGMSCs formed lipid droplets stained by oil red O (f)