Fig. 2

SCAP-Exo improved the angiogenic capacity of HUVECs. a Western blot analysis showed that SCAP-Exo treatment upregulated the expression levels of CD31 in HUVECs. b The in vitro tube formation assay showed that the non-treated HUVECs were scattered and formed relatively few lumens, while SCAP-Exo-treated HUVECs formed complete lumens. The levels of variables including total tube length and total numbers of meshes, branches, nodes, and junctions were higher in SCAP-Exo-treated HUVECs than in non-treated HUVECs. Scale bar = 100 μm. c Representative images of Matrigel plugs showing that there were more newly formed blood vessels in the SCAP-Exo group than in the control group. d H&E staining showing that there were more vascular lumens (yellow arrow) containing red blood cells in the SCAP-Exo group than in the control group. Scale bar = 50 μm. n = 5 in each group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Error bars: mean ± SD