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Fig. 2 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 2

From: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: therapeutic opportunities and challenges for spinal cord injury

Fig. 2

The therapeutic effects of exosomes derived from different MSCs in the treatment of SCI. MSCs can be obtained from bone marrow, the umbilical cord, the amniotic membrane, and adipose tissue. Exosomes derived from MSCs have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, as well as inhibit A1 astrocytes, promote axonal regeneration and macrophage polarization, and protect the BSCB from spinal cord injury

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1757-6512