Table 1 The similarities and differences of biological characteristics in MSCs from different perinatal tissues

Umbilical cord and compartments [16]

Wharton’s jelly (WJMSCs)

1. Adherence to plastic;

2. Positive for SSEA-3, SSEA-4, Tra-1-60, and Tra-1-81;

3. Adipogenic potential and levels of telomerase activity at passage 1.

1. WJMSCs show significantly greater numbers in primary culture compared to other MSCs;

2. WJMSCs show significantly greater proliferation rates at passages 3, 5, and 10 compared to other MSCs;

3. The telomerase levels for WJMSCs were significantly greater than other MSCs at passage 10;

4. WJMSCs express significantly greater for CD29, CD44, CD73, HLA-ABC, CD24, CD108, OCT1, OCT4A, OCT4B, NANOG, and SOX2 compared to other MSCs;

5. WJMSCs and PVMSCs express significantly greater for CD146 and CD271 compared to other MSCs;

6. WJMSCs and PVMSCs express significantly less for fibroblast-related genes FAP, FSP, CD40, CD49d, and CD140b compared to other MSCs;

7. WJMSCs exhibit greater osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential compared to other MSCs.

Amnion (AMSCs)

Subamnion (SAMSCs)

Perivascular (PVMSCs)

Mixed cord (UCMSCs)

Umbilical cord and membranes of the placenta [3]

Umbilical cord (UCMSCs)

1. Adherence to plastic;

2. Positive for CD73, CD90, CD105, SOX2, and SSEA4

3. Negative for CD45, HLA-DR, CD34, and CD14;

4. Adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential.

1. CPMSCs express greater for CD106 compared to other MSCs;

2. AMMSCs, CPMSCs, and UCMSCs were of fetal origin, and DPMSCs were of maternal origin;

3. UCMSCs show shorter population doubling time than other MSCs;

4. AMMSCs exhibit better capacity in the secretion of PGE2 and TGF-β1;

5. CPMSCs secrete higher level of HGF and VCAM-1;

6. DPMSCs release higher levels of VEGF and ANG-1.

Amniotic membrane (AMMSCs)

Chorionic plate (CPMSCs)

Decidua parietalis (DPMSCs)

Umbilical cord and amnion fluid [4]

Wharton’s jelly (WJMSCs)

1. Adherence to plastic;

2. Growth characteristics at passage 5;

3. Positive for the expression of CD29, CD105, HLA-ABC, and OCT4;

4. Negative for CD34 and HLA-DR;

5. Myocardial-like cells differentiation capacity in vitro.

1. AFMSCs show greater growth characteristics at passage 10 than WJMSCs.

Amnion fluid (AFMSCs)

Placenta and umbilical cord blood [7]

Placenta (PMSCs)

1. Adherence to plastic;

2. Positive for the expression of CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and KLF4;

3. Negative for CD14, CD34, and CD45;

4. Growth characteristics;

5. Adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential;

6. Immunomodulatory effects.

1. PMSCs are positive for the expression of NANOG;

2. UCBMSCs are positive for expression of MYC.

Umbilical cord blood (UCBMSCs)