Fig. 2

Successful long-term engraftment of canine IL-10-MSCs in the skeletal muscles of dogs. a Transplantation schedule. Canine CD271⁺MSCs expressing luciferase (Luc-CD271⁺MSCs) were transduced with AAV1/IL-10 in the cardiotoxin-pretreated tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of the recipient dog. b Immunofluorescence analysis of the TA muscle derived from a MyoD-Luc-CD271⁺MSC- (left panel) and IL-10-Luc-CD271⁺MSC-treated dog (5601MN, right panels) 8 weeks after injection using antibodies specific for luciferase (red), dystrophin (green), and nuclear stain 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue). Arrow, luciferase-positive myofibers. Bar = 200 μm. c Luciferase assays to determine the cell number in the IL-10-Luc-CD271⁺MSC- (IL-10-MSCs) or MyoD-Luc-CD271⁺MSC (MyoD-MSC)-treated TA muscle lysate. The mean was the average value of three measurements from each group. d Quantitative measurement of IL-10 levels in the IL-10-MSC- or MyoD-MSC-treated TA muscle lysate (mg protein) using ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD, and statistical differences between values for MyoD-MSC- and IL-10-MSC-treated TA muscle are indicated, ^*P < 0.05, t-test