Table 1 Mitochondrial transfer modes from different tissue-specific MSCs to recipient cells of different origins
MSC types | Recipient cell | Mode of mitochondrial transfer | Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BMSCs | Corneal endothelial cells, 661W cells, and ARPE-19 cells | TNTs | Ocular tissue regeneration | Jiang D et al., Theranostics, 2020 [35] |
BMSCs | Macrophage | TNTs | Enhance macrophage phagocytosis, and thereby improve ARDS and sepsis | Jackson MV et al., Stem Cells, 2016 [36] |
BMSCs | Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells | TNTs | Protect the target organs from apoptosis | Burt R et al., Blood, 2019 [37] |
BMSCs | Th17 cells | TNTs | Affect the immune regulation function of the Th17 cells and promote the acquisition of anti-inflammatory phenotype by pro-inflammatory Th17 cells | Luz-Crawford P et al., Stem Cell Res Ther, 2019 [38] |
BMSCs | Alveolar epithelial cells | Gap junctions | Treatment of acute lung injury | Islam MN et al., Nat Med, 2012 [39] |
BMSCs, umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells | CD4+ T cells | EVs | Involved in T cell activation and reduction of tissue damage in graft-versus-host disease | Court AC et al., S EMBO Rep, 2020 [40] |
BMSCs | Mouse alveolar macrophages | EVs | Promote the anti-inflammatory effects of macrophages and express the phenotype of macrophages with high phagocytic functions in an acute respiratory distress syndrome model | Morrison TJ et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017 [41] |
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Cardiomyocytes | Cell fusion | Reprogram the adult cardiac cells towards a progenitor-like state | Xu X et al., Cell Metab, 2013 [42] |