Table 4 Summary of the effects of Zn²⁺ content on different cells

Adipose

Swine ASC

0.04–0.08 mM for mineral nodule formation

Above 0.08 mM for cell growth

[10]

pASCs

Below 0.04 mM for cell number and metabolic activity

–

[11]

Bone

mBMSCs

10.91–27.15 μM for proliferation and ALP activity

128.58 μM for ALP activity

[12]

MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts

10⁻⁶–10⁻⁴ M for osteoprotegerin, Runx-2, and regucalcin mRNA expression

–

[38, 39]

Human osteoblast-like cell line SaOS-2

1–10 μM for ALP expression and mineral deposition

Exceeding 25 μM for the same functions

[40, 41]

Osteoclast

10⁻¹²–10⁻⁴ mol/L for cell activity

Higher than 10⁻⁴ to promote the proliferation of TRAP-positive cells

[41, 42]

Osteoblasts and primary murine bone marrow stromal cells

Lower than 10⁻⁹ M for proliferation

Lower than 10⁻⁹ M for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation

[42, 43]

rBMSCs

10⁻⁵ mol/L to achieve the best osteogenic effect

–

[43, 44]

Vascular

Endothelial cells

1.1 mg/L for proliferation

2.7 mg/L to cause cytotoxicity

[34, 35]

Vascular smooth muscle cells

60–80 μM for cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and migration

80–120 μM for the same cellular functions

[37, 38]

Abdomen

RAW264.7

10–250 μM to suppress osteoclastogenesis

–

[39, 40]