Fig. 2

Redifferentiation and characterization of iPSC-MSCs. a Timeline for the generation of iPSC-MSCs. b Phase contrast images of iPSC-MSCs during differentiation with EB formation. c Flow cytometry analysis of iPSC-MSCs. d Differentiation potential toward osteogenic and adipogenic lineage, adipogenesis detected by Oil Red O, and osteogenesis by Alizarin Red staining at day 14 after differentiation at passage 4. e The quantitative analysis of Oil red O (control vs iPSC-MSC group, p = 0.146, n = 5 per group) and Alizarin Red staining (control vs iPSC-MSC group, p = 0.262, n = 6 per group). f Gene expression of osteogenic gene Runx2 and OSX and adipogenic gene PPARY after 2 weeks of osteogenic and adipogenic induction at passage 4. For each gene, expression levels were normalized to the control group, n = 5 per group. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s adjustment (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.0001). Scale bar indicated 100 μm in all panels