Fig. 3

Mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondria undergo dynamic processes of biogenesis, fusion, fission, and mitophagy. Balance of fission and fusion processes are needed to maintain normal mitochondrial function. An imbalance of fission/fusion leads mitochondrial dysfunction: excessive fission can lead to cell death and excessive fusion is often seen in senescence. Nutrient sensors AMPK and mTOR can regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy