Fig. 6

Summary of time course of metabolic changes affecting mitochondria and cardiomyocyte maturation. Dynamic changes in levels of substrates (pink) (oxygen, lactate, glucose, insulin, fatty acids, T3, glucocorticoids) affect the metabolic sensor signaling pathways (blue) (hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)) during fetal and postnatal cardiomyocyte development. These metabolic sensors can regulate mitochondrial function and coordinate mitochondrial dynamics throughout development. PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore