Fig. 3

There are four potential strategies for improving the therapeutic effects of stem/progenitor cell-based therapy, including preconditioning, application of biomaterials, bioactive molecules, and bioengineering. Preconditioning mainly includes hypoxia, genetic modification, and administration with cytokines or chemical compounds. Biomaterials include hydrogels, biomaterial matrix, and other novel materials. The application of the bioactive molecules and EVs secreted by stem/progenitor cells is also helpful. And the application of dECM scaffold and ESCs or iPSCs to regenerate a functional whole organ is a prospective strategy in the future