Fig. 4

Exosomes were derived from hPMSCs and co-cultured with organoids. a Schematic representation of exosome collection. b Western blotting: hPMSC-derived exosomes expressing exosome-specific markers CD9 and CD81. c hPMSC-derived exosomes observed by transmission electron microscopy (scale bar, 200 nm). d Schematic of exosome treatment. Organoids treated with expansion medium (EM) containing 50 nM H₂O₂ and 0.1 μg/ml exosomes were classified into the Exo group. Cholangioids were collected and analyzed at 48, 72, and 120 h. e Presence of the exosome-specific marker CD9 (red) in cholangioids (CK19, green) of the Exo group after culture for 72 and 120 h, demonstrated by immunofluorescence analysis (scale bar, 100 μm)