Fig. 5

Tube formation assay of hUVECs in vitro. a Illustration of the patterns in the tube formation assay and representative images of hUVECs in the different groups, including control, SA-BG, hAECs, SA-BG/hAECs, and SA-BG/CM groups, according to substance type in the upper chamber. Scale bar 100 μm. b Representative images of the tube formation assay in different treatment groups. c, d Quantitative analysis of tube formation was performed by counting nodes and tubular structures. Data presented as means ± SEM from 3 independent experiments. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. Bu/Cy group; ^##p < 0.01 vs. SA-BG group; ^$$p < 0.001 vs. SA-BG/hAECs group