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Table 1 Functional pathways of MSC-EVs in different AKI models

From: Mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles in therapy against kidney diseases

Model

Animal

In vitro model

Injection

EVs/MVs/EXO of source

Pathway/key substance

Target

Mechanism

Reference

I/R

Rat

TECs

Intravenous administration

huMSC-EVs

VEGF

 

Pro-angiogenesis

[49]

Rat

 

Caudal vein

hWJMSC-MVs

miR-15a/15b/16

CX3CL1

Anti-inflammation

[55]

Mouse

 

Capsule injection

BMMSC-Exo

CCR2

CCL2

Anti-inflammation

[56]

SD rat

TECs

Caudal vein

hWJMSC-EVs

miR-30

Mitochondria

Anti-apoptosis

[57]

SD rat

  

MSC-Exo

IL-6, TNF-α, NF-kappa B, IFN -γ;caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2

 

Anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis

[50]

Rat

NRK-52E cell

Caudal vein

hWJMSC-EVs

Nrf2

ARE

Antioxidation

[57]

Mouse

TECs

Intravenous administration

hpMSC-EVs

miRNA-200a-3p

Keap1-Nrf2

Antioxidation

[51]

Cisplatin

SCID mouse

TECs

Caudal vein

BMMSC-MVs

Bcl-XL, Bcl2, and BIRC8↑, Casp1, Casp8, and LTA↓

 

Anti-apoptosis

[58]

SD rat

NRK-52E cell

Capsule injection

huMSC-Exo

ERK1/2 pathway

 

Pro-proliferation

[52]

C57BL/6 mouse

TECs

Intravenous administration

ADMSC-MVs

miR-141

Ulk2

Regulating autophagy

[53]

miR-377

Cul1

Regulating cell cycle

SD rat

NRK-52E cell

Capsule injection

huMSC-Exo

 

ATG5 and ATG7↑

Pro-autophagy

[59]

SD rat

HK-2

Capsule injection

huMSC-Exo

14–3-3ζ

ATG16L

Pro-autophagy

[60, 61]

CD1 mouse

HEK cell

 

BMMSC-EVs

hsp70↓

NLRP3 inflammasome↓

Anti-inflammation

[62]

Glycerol

SCID mouse

mTECs

Intravenous administration

BMMSC-EVs

mRNA (CCNB1, CDK8, CDC6)

 

Regulating cell cycle

[63]

miRNAs

HGF and IGF-1

Pro-proliferation

SCID mouse

mTECs

Intravenous administration

BMMSC-EVs

miRNAs

 

Pro-regeneration

[54]

CPL

Mouse

 

Caudal vein

huMSC-Exo

miR-146b↑

IRAK1↓, NF-κB↓

Anti-inflammation

[64]

C57/BL6 mouse

 

Caudal vein

ADMSC-Exo

SIRT1 pathway

NF-κB

Anti-inflammation

[65]

  1. MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, EVs extracellular vesicles, AKI acute kidney injury, MVs: microvesicles, Exos exosomes, I/R reperfusion, CLP caecal ligation and puncture, BMMSCs bone marrow-derived MSCs, ADMSCs adipose-derived MSCs, huMSCs human umbilical cord-derived MSCs, hWJMSC human Wharton’s jelly MSCs, TECs tubular epithelial cells, ERK extracellular regulated kinase