Skip to main content

Table 2 Differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) into female germ cells in vitro

From: Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and their exosomes for restoration of spermatogenesis in non-obstructive azoospermia: a systemic review

MSC source

Source age

Species

Inducer

References

Adipose tissue

Ovary

Skin

Adult

Pig

Follicular fluid

[108]

Amniotic membrane

Chorion

Umbilical cord

Fetal

Human

BMP4

[109]

Follicular fluid

Adult

Human

BMP15

[110]

Menstrual blood

Adult

Human

Polylactic acid

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes

[111]

Menstrual blood

Adult

Human

Follicular fluid

[112]

Muscle

Fetal

Pig

Follicular fluid

[113]

Ovary

Adult

Mouse

Oct4 overexpression

[114]

Ovary

Fetal

Cow

BMP4

BMP2

Follicular fluid

[115]

Peritoneum

Adult

Mouse

Human follicular fluid

Human cumulus-conditioned medium

[116]

Skin

Adult

Pig

Follicular fluid

[117]

Umbilical cord

Fetal

Goat

Follicular fluid

[118]

Umbilical cord

Fetal

Human

Follicular fluid

[119]

Wharton’s jelly

Fetal

Human

Follicular fluid

Cumulus cell-conditioned medium

[120]

  1. Abbreviations: B MP bone morphogenetic protein