Table 1 Clinical and metabolic characteristics of included subjects

N

20

29

Age (years)

46.5 ± 11.7

47.2 ± 12.7

0.8

Body mass index (kg/m)

26.0 ± 4.5

28.4 ± 6.7

0.3

Sex (M/F)

9/11

14/15

–

Duration of diabetes (years)

–

22.4 ± 13.9

–

HbA_1C (mmol/mol)

35.1 ± 2.8

57.3 ± 7.6

< 0.001***

HbA_1C (%)

5.4 ± 0.3

7.4 ± 0.7

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

4.6 ± 1.0

9.7 ± 3.7

< 0.001***

Haemoglobin (g/dL)

14. 3 ± 1.2

14.5 ± 1.2

1.0

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.4 ± 0.7

0.9 ± 0.4

0.145

Alanine aminotransferases (IU/L)

21.3 ± 6.1

22.8 ± 1.7

0.9

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

78.09 ± 10.05

83.5 ± 9.8

0.259

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

117.5 ± 14.0

127.5 ± 9.4

0.005**

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74.8 ± 8.3

76.8 ± 8.8

0.3

CD45^dimCD34⁺CD133⁺/100 lymphocytes (cEPCs)

0.09 ± 0.03

0.02 ± 0.01

< 0.001***

Proangiogenic cells (PACs)

44.9 ± 22.3

14.4 ± 7.6

< 0.001***

Fibronectin adhesion assay per hpf

68.6 ± 34.5

33.9 ± 14.7

0.017**