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Table 1 Summary of the clinical studies of stem cell therapy against COVID-19

From: Stem cell therapies and benefaction of somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning in COVID-19 era

Number of patients

Symptoms

Doses

Duration of patient observation

Outcomes

References

18

Moderate and severe pulmonary disease

3 × 107 cells per infusion

06 days

Intravenous hUCMSC infusion declined interleukin (IL)-6 levels and found to be safe.

Adverse effects like high fever were noticed.

[148]

01

Lung inflammation, fatigue, fever, cough

Three times hUCMSC (5 ×  107 cells each time)

04 days

Remission of the lung inflammation symptom. The studies show the safety of cell doses

[101, 142]

01

Severe shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness, and fever

1 × 106 hWJCs cells per kilogram of weight

07 days

Effective against COVID-19 pneumonia

[84]

10

Respiratory distress, fever

1 × 106 MSCs per kilogram of body weight

14 days

Reduction in peripheral lymphocytes, cytokine-secreting immune cells CXCR3 + CD4+ T cells, CXCR3 + CD8+ T cells, CXCR3 + NK cells disappeared in 3–6 days.

[50]

12

Fever, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and fatigue

2 × 106 cells/kg

28 days

Intravenous infusion of hUCMSC reduced the lung inflammation, as well as interleukin (IL)-6 levels, ascertained as an effective option to cure severe COVID-19

[153]

13

COVID-associated pneumonia

0.98 × 106 AT-MSC/kg

16 days

Decrease in inflammatory parameters (reduction in C-reactive protein, IL-6, ferritin, LDH, and d-dimer), as well as an increase in lymphocytes

[154]

02

Fever and dyspnea

1 × 106 MSCs per kilogram of body weight

14 days

Lymphocytes increased, the inflammation mediators declined, symptom of dyspnea improved

[155]

24

Classic ARDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

15 ml ExoFlo™ (derived from MSCs) + 100 ml normal saline

14 days

Increased lymphocyte and neutrophil count, reduction was noted in C-reactive protein, IL-6, and ferritin

[156]