Table 1 Human cardiac organoids for drug evaluation
From: Cardiac organoid — a promising perspective of preclinical model
Cell types | Production approaches | Analysis | Drug types | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
hiPSC-CMs/hiPSC-ECs/HDFBs | Aggregation | Contraction, immunostaining, histology | Inotropic agent (COA-Cl) | Kitsuka et al. [38] |
hiPSC-CMs/hPCFs | Aggregation | LIVE/DEAD staining, ATP activity, beating | Cardiotoxic drugs (astemizole, cisapride, mibefradil, pergoglide, rofecoxib, terodeline, and valdecoxib) | Skardal et al. [39] |
hiPSC-CMs/hPCFs | Aggregation | LIVE/DEAD staining, ATP activity, beating | Environmental toxins (glyphosate, lead, mercury, thallium) | Forsythe et al. [40] |
hiPSC-CMs/hCFs/hCMECs | Aggregation | Immunostaining, histology, cell viability, real-time qPCR | Cardiotoxic drug (doxorubicin, sunitinib) | Archer et al. [41] |
hiPSC-CMs/NHCFs/CEs | HA/gelatin-based hydrogel | LIVE/DEAD staining | Prodrug (capecitabine, ifosfamide) | Rajan et al. [42] |
hPSC-CMs/HDFBs | Collagen/matrigel-based hydrogel | Contraction, TEM, immunostaining, teal-time qPCR, RNA sequencing, calcium imaging | Antiarrhythmic drugs (isoprotereno, digoxin, verapamil, nifedipine, disopyramide) | Li et al. [43] |
hiPSC-CMs/FBs/HUVECs/HADSCs | Agarose hydrogel micromold | RNA sequencing, transcriptional comparison, force, immunostaining, seahorse, calcium imaging | Heart failure drug (JQ1), cardiotoxic drug (doxorubicin) | Richards et al. [44] |
hPSC-CMs/Stromal cells | SU-8 photolithography, PDMS casting | Force, proteomics, immunostaining, RNA sequencing | Pro-proliferative compounds | Mills et al. [37] |
hiPSC-CMs | PDMS micropillars | Beating, immunostaining, real-time qPCR, cell viability, calcium imaging | Antidepressant drug (alomipramine) | Yin et al. [45] |
hPSC-CMs/HCFs | Polystyrene microwells | Force, TEM, contraction, immunostaining, calcium imaging, RNA sequencing, | Ion channels agents (nifedipine, thapsigargin, ranolazine, verapamil, dofetilide) | Zhao et al. [46] |
hiPSC-CMs | Circular cell sheets | Calcium imaging | Antiarrhythmic drugs (quinidine, disopyramide, sotalol) | Shinnawi et al. [47] |
hPSC-CMs | Circular casting | Calcium imaging, force, TEM, effective refractory period, real-time qPCR, immunostaining, Western blot | Antiarrhythmic drugs (vernakalant, lidocaine, flecainide, nifedipine carbomylcholin, isoproterenol) | Goldfracht et al. [48] |