Fig. 2
From: Vitamin D3 suppresses intestinal epithelial stemness via ER stress induction in intestinal organoids
Vitamin D3 reduces budding and suppresses cell proliferation and stemness. Intestinal organoids derived from the murine small intestine were treated with various concentrations (10, 50, and 100 nM) of vitamin D3. The formation of intestinal organoids was observed with a light microscope (left panel, magnification, ×100), and the percentage of budding organoids was analyzed using the ImageJ software (right panel) (a). The expression levels of leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) and Ki67, markers of ISCs and cell proliferation, respectively, were quantified using qPCR (b). Intestinal organoids derived from LGR5-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice were treated with vitamin D3. The number of LGR5-GFP-positive cells was visualized using a confocal microscope (green fluorescence), and the number of Ki67-positive cells was determined following immunofluorescence staining (red fluorescence) (c). The expression levels of Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) and NOTCH 1 were quantified using qPCR (d). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, ***p ≤ 0.0005