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Fig. 1 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 1

From: Adrenomedullin 2 improves bone regeneration in type 1 diabetic rats by restoring imbalanced macrophage polarization and impaired osteogenesis

Fig. 1

ADM2 reversed AGE-induced M1 macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype. A, B Expression of M1-specific genes (iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α) (A) and M2-specific genes (Arg-1, MRC1, and TGF-β) (B) of BMDMs treated with vehicle, AGEs, AGEs+ADM2, and AGEs+ADM2+GW9662 was assessed using qRT-PCR. C The expression of CD86 (M1 surface marker) and CD206 (M2 surface marker) on BMDMs in each group was examined using flow cytometry. D Quantification of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the surface markers. E ELISA for production of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory, osteogenic cytokines (BMP-2, IGF-1, and TGF-β) in the supernatant of BMDMs in each group. The data were confirmed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test from three independently repeated tests and are presented as the means ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01

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