Table 3 Current application of cerebral organoids for cellular components and their interaction in disease model

Timothy syndrome

Assembloids (dorsal and ventral forebrain)

GABAergic interneuron

Abnormal saltation frequency and shorter saltation length

Birey et al., 2017 [32]

Miller–Dieker syndrome

Forebrain

Ventricular zone radial glial cells (vRGCs)

Decreased neuroepithelial loops with distorted cortical niche, abnormal vRG cell division, reduced size of organoids

Iefremova et al., 2017 [74], Bershteyn, M. et al., 2017 [44], Karzburn et al., 2018 [75]

Zika virus infection (ZIKV)

Forebrain

Neuronal progenitors

Smaller size organoids with larger ventricular lumen and reduced neuronal cell-layer thickness, increase ZIKV-induced cell apoptosis

Qian et al., 2017 [76], Xu, Y et al., 2019 [77]

Cytomegalovirus infection (CMV)

Dorsal forebrain

Neuronal progenitors

Decreased cellular proliferation, marred cortical lamination necrosis, induced-vacuolar and cystic degeneration

Brown, R. M. et al., 2019 [78], Sun, G. et al., 2020 [79]

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Neurosphere

Neurons

Vulnerability of matured neurons (MAP2 +) to destruction via lysis of HSV-1

D’Aiuto et al., 2019 [80]

Autism spectrum disorder

Dorsal forebrain

GABA/Glutamate neuron

Increased generation of NPCs and GABAergic neurons, overexpression of FOXG1

Mariani et al., 2015 [81], Wang, P. et al., 2017 [82]

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Dorsal Forebrain

Neurons

Induced amyloid aggregation, hyperphosphorylated tau protein and endosome abnormalities

Raja et al., 2016 [83], Pavoni, S. et al., 2018 [84], Papaspyropoulos, A. et al., 2020 [85]

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)

Forebrain

Neuronal progenitors, neurons

A strong bias astro-glial fate generation, altered cellular morphology, activation of Mtorc1 signaling

Blair, J. D.et al., 2018 [86]