Fig. 1

PBMT promotes both neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the adult hippocampus of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice. a The experimental procedure, 6-month-old wild-type (WT) and APP/PS1 mice received photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) treatment. b Western blotting analysis and quantification of doublecortin (Dcx) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression from APP/PS1 transgenic mice and age matched WT mice hippocampus at 7 months of age after PBMT, (n = 4 per group). c Representative images of Nestin⁺ (neural stem cell staining), Dcx⁺ (newborn neuron staining), GFAP⁺ ( astrocyte staining), and Tuj1⁺ (newborn neuron staining) expression cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of WT and APP/PS1 transgenic mice after PBMT. Scale bars, 50 μm. d Quantification of the relative numbers of Nestin⁺, Dcx⁺, GFAP⁺, and Tuj1⁺ cells in the hippocampal DG of WT and APP/PS1 transgenic mice after PBMT (n = 6 per group). e Staining the newborn neurons with neuronal class-III β-tubulin (Tuj1) antibody, and then the flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors (AMPAR) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) on Tuj1⁺ newborn neurons. f Representative immunofluorescence image of gliogenesis in vivo, using NG2 antibody staining oligodendrocyte precursor cell. All quantifications are presented as mean ± SEM and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test; **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 versus control group; ^##p < 0.01, ^#p < 0.05 versus indicated group