Fig. 1

Cell culture and identification. a SCs at passage 2. b–f S100 (b), GFAP (c), SOX10 (d), MPZ (e), and GAP43 (f) immunocytochemical or immunofluorescence staining of SCs. g AECs at passage 2. h Factor VIII immunocytochemical staining of AECs. i Pecam-1 immunofluorescence staining of AECs. j vWF immunofluorescence staining of AECs. k BM-MSCs at passage 3. l IECs after induction for 21 days. m–o Flow cytometric detection of CD90 (m), CD29 (n), and CD73 (o) on IEC membrane (blue: isotype negative control, red: IECs). p TEM image of BM-MSCs (× 6610). q TEM image of IECs after induction for 21 days (× 5200). r CD34, Kdr, Nos2, and Nos3 mRNA expression levels in BM-MSCs and IECs, as assessed via real-time qPCR. s Pecam-1 immunofluorescence staining of IECs. t vWF immunofluorescence staining of IECs. u, v ALP (u) and alizarin red S (v) staining of IOBs after induction for 21 days