Fig. 1

Characteristics of NONFH samples, FNF samples, NONFH exosomes, and FNF exosomes. A–C Representative X-rays (A), sectional images (B), and HE stainings (C) of femoral heads from FNF and NONFH patients (scale bar = 200 μm). D, E IHC stainings of CD31 (D) and RUNX2 (E) were conducted in femoral heads of FNF and NONFH patients (scale bar = 50 μm). F The expression of PPARγ, OPN, ALP, and FGF2 were measured by western blotting. G The expression of CD63, CD9, Alix, calnexin and TSG101 in FNF exosomes, NONFH exosomes, and the FNF-supernatants (FNF-SUP) and NONFH-supernatants (NONFH-SUP) were examined by western blotting. H, I TEM images displayed the double membrane and discoid shape of FNF exosomes (H) and NONFH exosomes (I) (scale bar = 100 nm). J, K Particle size distributions of FNF exosomes (J) and NONFH exosomes (K) were measured by NTA. L, M Observation of PKH-67-labeled exosomes were uptaken into hBMSCs and HUVECs under the fluorescence microscopy, where green (PKH-67) indicates exosomes and blue (DAPI) indicates hBMSCs (M) and HUVECs (L) (scale bar = 50 μm)