Fig. 2

ESC-EVs promote recovery of renal function. a Schematic illustration for AKI and EV treatment. The left renal pedicle was clamped with noninvasive microvascular forceps for 40 min and contralateral nephrectomy was performed. After 5 min eperfusion, 100 μg EVs were injected into the upper and lower poles of the left renal cortex. The kidney tissues were collected on days 1, 3, and 7 after the injury. b The serum creatinine level of each group was measured on days 1, 3, and 7 after AKI. c The blood urea nitrogen level of each group was measured on days 1, 3, and 7 after AKI. d Histological analysis of kidney injury by H&E staining at day 3 after AKI. Scale bar represents 100 μm. e Quantification of pathological changes in renal tissue, such as cast formation and loss of brush border. Quantitative analysis of 5 random fields in tissue sections of 5 different mice. f Representative images of Kim-1 (red) immunofluorescence staining at day 3 after AKI. The proximal tubules were co-stained by FITC-labeled LTL (green). Scale bar represents 100 μm. g Quantification of the percentage of Kim-1-positive injured tubules. Quantitative analysis of 5 random fields in tissue sections of 5 different mice. The data are presented as mean ± SEM. (n = 5; ^*P < 0.05 versus PBS, ^**P < 0.01 versus PBS)