Fig. 1
From: Chondromalacia patellae: current options and emerging cell therapies
Schematic illustration of diagnosis (MRI) and intervention (MSC-based cell therapy) for CMP. A Representative MRI images for diagnosing CMP. B Demonstration of MSC injection into cavum articulare for treating CMP. C Three main mechanisms of MSC-based chondrogenic effects for CMP treatment: (a) MSCs differentiate into chondrocytes for cell replacement, (b) soluble factors released by MSCs act on the adjacent cells for tissue repair, and (c) MSCs inhibit immune responses via suppressing the proliferation of lymphocytes and inhibitory effects of the antigen presenting of dendritic cells. D Clinical indicators for evaluating the efficacy of CMP treatment using MSC-based cell therapies