Table 1 Immunotherapies targeting CSC markers with potential use against GCSC
Therapy | Target | Type of cancer | Type of study | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antibody–drug conjugate | LGR5 | Colon | Preclinical murine xenograft | Tumor stasis or regression in vivo Does not target healthy epithelia ↑Survival | [79] |
Antibody RG7356 | CD44 | CD44+ solid tumors | Clinical phase I NCT01358903 | Fever, headache and fatigue 21% of the patients presented disease stabilization No activation of macrophages Possible migration of monocytes to tumor tissue | [80] |
DC-vaccination | Pool CSC antigens | Ehrlich carcinoma | Preclinical murine xenograft | ↓ Tumor growth ↓ MDR and Bcl-2 ↑ Sensitivity to chemotherapy | [81] |
DC-vaccination | Pool CSC antigens | Melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma | Preclinical syngeneic murine model | ↓ Tumor growth ↓ Metastasis ↓ CSC features ↑ Survival | [82] |
DC-vaccination | Pool CSC antigens | Breast | Preclinical cell lines | ↑ Apoptosis ↑ IFN-γ | [83] |
Immune checkpoint inhibition | PD-1 | Melanoma | Clinical phase Ib NCT01704287 | ↑ Progression-free survival | [84] |
Immune checkpoint inhibition | CTLA-4 PD-1 | Colorectal | Preclinical syngeneic murine model | ↑ CD8 + T cells | [85] |
NK-activated cells | ALDH CD24 CD44 CD133 | Breast | Preclinical cell lines | ↓ CSCs populations | [86] |
CAR-T | CD44-v6 | AML MM | Preclinical murine xenograft | ↑ Anti-tumor activity Specifically killed cancer cells ↑ IL-7/IL-15 efficacy | [87] |
CAR-T | CD133 | Glioblastoma | Preclinical patient-derived cells Preclinical murine xenograft | ↑ CD133+cells elimination ↑ CD57 marker in lymphocytes ↑ Survival | [88] |
CAR-T combined with Paclitaxel | CD54 | Gastric | Preclinical murine xenograft | ↑ Survival ↑ Anti-tumor activity ↓ Tumor growth | [89] |