Table 1 Etiology of refractory peptic ulcers
From: Therapeutic approach of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in refractory peptic ulcer
The most common causes of refractory peptic ulcers | Less common causes of refractory peptic ulcers | Rare causes of refractory peptic ulcers |
|---|---|---|
Persistent H. pylori infection Continued NSAID Use Medications Aspirin | Radiation therapy Crack cocaine use Mesenteric ischemia | Malignancy (gastric/lung cancer, lymphomas) Gastric acid hypersecretion (retained antrum syndrome and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome) Other viral and bacterial infections (TB, Syphilis, CMV, HPV) Sarcoidosis Behçet disease Polyarteritis nodosa Crohn disease Vasculitides Smoking Stress (acute illness, burns, head injury) Chemotherapy |