Fig. 3

Immunohistochemistry identifies the macrophage transformation, cell proliferation, and neovascularization. a Immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD86, CD163, Ki-67, and CD31 antibodies on diabetic wound in each group was performed and analyzed at 14 days post-transplantation. Scar bar: 50 μm. b, c The quantitative data of the total number of CD86-positive M1 macrophages (b) and CD163-positive M2 macrophages (c) per field were analyzed. Error bars represent mean ± SEM; n = 3 independent experiments. Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. d The quantitative data of the percentage of Ki-67-positive proliferating cells per field were analyzed. Error bars represent mean ± SEM; n = 3 independent experiments. Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. e The quantitative data of the total number of CD31-positive newly formed blood vessels were analyzed. Error bars represent mean ± SEM; n = 3 independent experiments. Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001