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Fig. 5 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 5

From: PPARβ/δ accelerates bone regeneration in diabetic mellitus by enhancing AMPK/mTOR pathway-mediated autophagy

Fig. 5

PPARβ/δ agonist promotes AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy in high-glucose environment. A AMPK, p-AMPK, mTOR, p-mTOR, LC3 and p62 were resolved via western blot after N0, H0 and H5 groups cultured for 7 days of osteogenic induction. β-ACTIN was the loading control. B Gray values of bands of AMPK, p-AMPK, mTOR, p-mTOR, LC3 and p62. C LSCM images of rBMSCs transfected with RFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus. DAPI labeled the nuclei (scale bar = 16 μm). The merge number of RFP and GFP dot formation (yellow) indicated the autophagy level. D TEM images of rBMSCs after 7 days of osteogenic induction in high-glucose environment (scale bar = 50 μm). Typical autophagosomes are indicated by arrows. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. The p values were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. (NS, not statistically significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001)

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