Fig. 5

EMF enhanced chondrogenesis partly by activating Wnt1/LRP6/β-catenin pathway. A Expressions of Col2, Aggrecan, and SOX9 were significantly increased in the presence of EMF. B Results of qRT-PCR and western blot show that EMF activates the Wnt1/LRP6/β-catenin signaling pathway. C Wnt1 inhibitor (SM04960) significantly reduced the increased expressions of Col2, Aggrecan, and SOX9 induced by EMF both in gene and protein levels. D Inhibition of β-catenin by LF3 shows results similar to those in (C). Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). # indicates no significant difference, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to group without EMF or the group as indicated