Fig. 8

Micro-CT analysis for subchondral bone regeneration. A Reconstructed images of surfaces (first line) and defect area (second line) show improved repair incrementally in groups from left to right. B Quantitative analysis of micro-CT data further confirm that bone volume per total volume (BV/TV) and bone mineral density (BMD) were both incrementally increased in groups from left to right, in terms of trabecular volume of interest (VOI) and cartilage and cortical (C&C) VOI. The values of BV/TV and BMD were highest in the EMF group. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (n = 5). # indicates no significant difference, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to the group as indicated